Meaning : Having only essential or minimal features.
Example :
A stripped new car.
A stripped-down budget.
Synonyms : stripped-down
Meaning : Having everything extraneous removed including contents.
Example :
The bare walls.
The cupboard was bare.
Synonyms : bare
Meaning : With clothing stripped off.
Stripped ka meaning, vilom shabd, paryayvachi aur samanarthi shabd in Marathi. Stripped ka matlab kya hota hai?